;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
I^M#[xA ; About this file ;
}+dM1 O ;
?b@q5Y ; 关于这个文件
/+4^.Q* ;
D0#T-B\# ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
UL)" ;
P )t]bS ; This is the recommended, PHP 4-style version of the php.ini-dist file. It
8L7Y
A)u ; sets some non standard settings, that make PHP more efficient, more secure,
yul<n>X| ; and encourage cleaner coding.
ycrh5*g ;
d(X\B{ ;
=wIdC3Ph ; 这个是推荐的,PHP 4 版本类型的 php.ini-dist 文件,他设置了一些非标准的设置,他们使得
r;cI}' ; PHP更加有效,更加安全,鼓励整洁的编码。
ez^*M:K ;
I3 G*+6V ;
+Mk*{A t ; The price is that with these settings, PHP may be incompatible with some
V4`:Vci Aw ; applications, and sometimes, more difficult to develop with. Using this
>}<29Ii ; file is warmly recommended for production sites. As all of the changes from
P&[F t)` ; the standard settings are thoroughly documented, you can go over each one,
;!l*7}5X= ; and decide whether you want to use it or not.
L9{mYA]q ;
IW1GhZ41' ;
u#41osUVW> ; 这样做的代价是,某些应用程序可能在这样的配置下不兼容,在某些情况下,开发会更加困难。
K2x6R ; 使用这个文件是我门对建设站点的热心建议。每个标准设置的改变都有彻底的说明稳当,你可以
]k'#g Z$ ; 处理没一个,决定是否使用他们。
?qf:_G ;
~^lH ^J ;
J ?ztn ; For general information about the php.ini file, please consult the php.ini-dist
9?u9wuH ; file, included in your PHP distribution.
<[Tq7cO0 ;
cy=I0 ;
LyuSZa] ; 关于 php.ini 的一般信息,请参考 php.ini-dist 文件,包括你的 PHP 的说明
jw/'*e ;
K/f>f; c ;
mP9cBLz ; This file is different from the php.ini-dist file in the fact that it features
v%H"_T ; different values for several directives, in order to improve performance, while
J6)efX)j-p ; possibly breaking compatibility with the standard out-of-the-box behavior of
]>
nPqL ; PHP 3. Please make sure you read what's different, and modify your scripts
IvEMg2f} ; accordingly, if you decide to use this file instead.
Y%78>-2L ;
Zz"I.$$[M ;
aL8p"iSG9 ; 这个文件和 php.ini-dist 的区别在于它给予了一些指示不同的值,来提高性能,同时可能破坏了
.abyYVrN4? ; PHP 3 的标准的 out-of-the-box 特性。
snXB`UC ;
2wB.S_4"-< ;
ZhhI@_sz ; - register_globals = Off [Security, Performance]
BCBEX&0hk{ ; Global variables are no longer registered for input data (POST, GET, cookies,
;\<""Yj@l ; environment and other server variables). Instead of using $foo, you must use
+<pVf%u5 ; you can use $_REQUEST["foo"] (includes any variable that arrives through the
%==G+S{ ; request, namely, POST, GET and cookie variables), or use one of the specific
+<S9E'gT3V ; $_GET["foo"], $_POST["foo"], $_COOKIE["foo"] or $_FILES["foo"], depending
wVx,JL5Jr ; on where the input originates. Also, you can look at the
J+{Ou rWt ; import_request_variables() function.
TRF]i/Bs ; Note that register_globals is going to be depracated (i.e., turned off by
_^_5K(Uq ; default) in the next version of PHP, because it often leads to security bugs.
tlDYk ; Read
http://php.net/manual/en/security.registerglobals.php for further
1S+;ZMk ; information.
O4m(Er@a ;
v2Dt3$@H6 ;
}sf YCz ; 全局变量不再注册输入的数据(POST,GET,cookies,环境变量和其他的服务器变量)。作为代替的是使用
1)$%Jr ; $foo, 你必须使用 $_REQUEST["foo"] ( 包括所有的通过请求传来的变量,也就是说,POST,GET,和
LMAmpVo ; cookies 变量)或者根据输入的来源使用指定的 $_GET["foo"],$_POST["foo"],$_COOKIE["foo"]
TG1P=g5h ; ,$_FILES["foo"] (访问他们).同时,你可以查看 import_request_variables()函数。
sB?2*S"X)< ;
SXQ@;=]xV ; 注意,这个参数可能在下个版本去掉(默认为off),因为他经常引起安全 bugs.到
_~tm7o+js ;
http://php.net/manual/en/security.registerglobals.php ci`zR9Ks ; 查看详细内容
2Oyy`k
;
gh TcB ;
(jMtN?&0H- ; - display_errors = Off [Security]
-7k[Vg? ; With this directive set to off, errors that occur during the execution of
'9 'l=Sh ; scripts will no longer be displayed as a part of the script output, and thus,
*~cqr ; will no longer be exposed to remote users. With some errors, the error message
cI2Fpf`2Wj ; content may expose information about your script, web server, or database
#S%4? ; server that may be exploitable for hacking. Production sites should have this
y>$1UwQ ; directive set to off.
<x0)7xX ;
/dLA`=r Zx ;
{{32jU7< ; 设置这个指示为Off,在脚本执行期间发生错误时,不再将错误作为输出的一部分显示,这样就不会暴露给
88
{1mA,v ; 远端用户。对于某些错误,错误信息的内容可能暴露你的脚本,web服务器,数据库服务器的信息,可能被
3S5^`Ag# ; 黑客利用。最终产品占点需要设置这个指示为off.
u+m4!` ;
;> DHD*3X ;
{|z#70 ; - log_errors = On [Security]
rOW;yJ[ ; This directive complements the above one. Any errors that occur during the
R<|ejw ; execution of your script will be logged (typically, to your server's error log,
"#2pT H~ ; but can be configured in several ways). Along with setting display_errors to off,
kQLT$8io ; this setup gives you the ability to fully understand what may have gone wrong,
"qawq0P8Z ; without exposing any sensitive information to remote users.
:/6()_>bO ;
rIVvO ;
'@bJlJB9> ; 这个指示补充上面的。所有的发生在脚本运行期间的错误都会纪录在日志中(代表性的,记录在服务器的错误
J@QdieW6 ; 日志中,但是可以配置不同的方式)。随着 display_errors 设置为 off,这个设置给你全面了解到底什么
-j&Vtr ; 发生错误的能力,而不会向远端用户暴露任何信息。
bG(x:Py& ;
p;0 PxL= ;
P[FV2R~ ; - output_buffering = 4096 [Performance]
/Pk:4, ; Set a 4KB output buffer. Enabling output buffering typically results in less
LKx` v90p ; writes, and sometimes less packets sent on the wire, which can often lead to
DVh)w}v ; better performance. The gain this directive actually yields greatly depends
xdZ<|
vMR ; on which Web server you're working with, and what kind of scripts you're using.
+%XnMl ;
96=Z" ;
:m Kxa ; 设置 4KB 的输出缓冲区。打开输出缓冲可以减少写的次数,有时减少线路发送包的数量,这样能提高性能。
%G[/H.7s- ; 这个指示真正得到的益处很大程度的依赖于你的工作的 WEB 服务器,以及你使用的脚本。
Yl~$V( ;
mw4JQ\ ;
cvfUyp;P ; - register_argc_argv = Off [Performance]
O#EqG.L5 ; Disables registration of the somewhat redundant $argv and $argc global
|n`PESf_ ; variables.
hbI;Hd ;
ZVL
gK}s ;
Lc]1$ ; 禁止注册某些多于的 $argv 和 $argc 全局变量
,[X_]e;
;
tuxRVV8l ;
b9 uBdo@o ; - magic_quotes_gpc = Off [Performance]
IP ,.+:i ; Input data is no longer escaped with slashes so that it can be sent into
^ H3m\!h ; SQL databases without further manipulation. Instead, you should use the
% :/_ f ; function addslashes() on each input element you wish to send to a database.
L^FcS\r; ;
z)}!e,7 ;
E(4w5=8TI ; 输入数据不再被斜线转义,以便于无需更多的处理就可以发送到SQL数据库里面。作为代替,你可
}G'XkoI& ; 以对每个要发送到数据库的输入元素使用 addslashes()函数。
Od{jt7 <j# ;
~}Z'0W)Q`z ;
8sg|MWSU ; - variables_order = "GPCS" [Performance]
\u M? S ; The environment variables are not hashed into the $HTTP_ENV_VARS[]. To access
Wp[9beI*M ; environment variables, you can use getenv() instead.
((<`zx ;
,Dp0fauJ ; 环境变量不再进入 $HTTP_ENV_VARS[],你需要用 getenv()来访问环境变量。
"3}<8c ;
g^l RG3a ;
`/4:I ; - error_reporting = E_ALL [Code Cleanliness, Security(?)]
P!e= b-T ; By default, PHP surpresses errors of type E_NOTICE. These error messages
W5SN I>|E ; are emitted for non-critical errors, but that could be a symptom of a bigger
1nI^-aQ3 ; problem. Most notably, this will cause error messages about the use
^DB{qU ; of uninitialized variables to be displayed.
|^( M{ ;
pRi<cO ;
$1Z6\G O ; 默认的,PHP 给出 E_NOTICE 错误类型,这些错误信息不是核心错误,但是可能是个更大错误的隐患。
"=A>}q@;H ; 大多数提醒是那些没有初始化变量引起的错误信息。
EzpFOqJG ;
g"K>5Cb ;
U| 5-0 u5 ; - allow_call_time_pass_reference = Off [Code cleanliness]
b>11h ; It's not possible to decide to force a variable to be passed by reference
8-Me.2K ; when calling a function. The PHP 4 style to do this is by making the
<f>akT,W ; function require the relevant argument by reference.
*Y6xvib9* ;
u0
y 1 ;
Zu/<NC
( ; 在调用函数时,不可能决定强制传递变量的引用。PHP 4 里通过函数请求相关参数的引用来实现
[6tSYUZs ;
vmX"+sHz$] ;
j0mM>X HB p|[B
=.c{ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Q5a)}6-5 ; Language Options ;
ig+4S[L~n ;
{whvTN1#dh ;
GP a`e ; 语言配置
3EK9,:<Cf ;
KbW9s,:p ;
(gXN%rsY ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
GTl
xq%?b 5@!st ; Enable the PHP scripting language engine under Apache.
yj_4gxJ\ ;
-{jdn%Y7CK ;
9`B$V##-L ; 允许在Apache下的PHP脚本语言引擎
p/GVTf ;
jZ*WN|FK? ;
~bK9R0|< engine = On
j\&pej H17-/|-;0! ; Allow the tags are recognized.
r 2:2,5_ ;
yxWO[ Z ;
0JjUAxNq ; 允许 标记
c1XX~8 ;
EnVuD
9 ;
7^6uG6 short_open_tag = On
+0l`5."d #q\x$ ; Allow ASP-style tags.
h*i9m o ;
#]Y>KX2HG ;
{w6/[-^ ; 允许 ASP 类型的 标记
G&f8n ;
]/X(V|t ;
Nf41ZT~ asp_tags = Off
dt\jGD K4ZolWbU ; The number of significant digits displayed in floating point numbers.
V^s0fWa ;
zbkMFD.{y ;
R9+jW'[K ; 浮点数显示的有意义的数字(精度)
~a9W3b4j ;
7V7zGx+Z7 ;
LPd\-S_rsP precision = 14
,F6=b/eZ J9~i%hzr ; Enforce year 2000 compliance (will cause problems with non-compliant browsers)
iUk-' ;
(5L-G{4 ;
X;F8_+Np ; 强制遵从 2000 年(会在不遵从的浏览器上引起错误)
fh8j2S9J ;
&EGqgNl ;
Gbpw5n;e y2k_compliance = Off
26?W
nu60 5Qwh(C^H ; Output buffering allows you to send header lines (including cookies) even
]y{WD=T ; after you send body content, at the price of slowing PHP's output layer a
x3+oAb@o/ ; bit. You can enable output buffering during runtime by calling the output
Cizvw'XDV ; buffering functions. You can also enable output buffering for all files by
HvwYm.$zE ; setting this directive to On. If you wish to limit the size of the buffer
5Z/7kU=I ; to a certain size - you can use a maximum number of bytes instead of 'On', as
uP $Cj ; a value for this directive (e.g., output_buffering=4096).
:nN1e ;
ZzGahtx)Y ;
!|waK~jK ; 输出缓冲允许你在主体内容发送后发送头信息行(包括 cookies),作为代价,会稍微减慢一点PHP
;h=*!7:
; 输出层的速度。你可以在运行期间通过调用输出缓冲函数来打开输出缓冲。你也可以通过设置这个
@oP_;G ; 指示来对虽有的文件打开输出缓冲。如果你想限制缓冲区大小为某个尺寸,你可以使用一个允许最大
'wasZ b<^ ; 的字节数值代替 "On",作为这个指示的值。
e> rRTN ;
N7r_77%m0 ;
\2-@' ^i output_buffering = 4096
~5
N)f
UI\ AI vXb\wL ; You can redirect all of the output of your scripts to a function. For
$q?$]k|M` ; example, if you set output_handler to "ob_gzhandler", output will be
M,5j5<7 ; transparently compressed for browsers that support gzip or deflate encoding.
p^kUs0$GS ; Setting an output handler automatically turns on output buffering.
f"u*D,/sS ;
`?g`bN`Vn ;
[D"t~QMr ; 你可以重新定向脚本所有输出到一个函数。例如,你可以设置 output_handler 为 "ob_gzhandler",
>Hb^P)3 ; 输出将会被明显的被压缩到支持 gzip 或 deflate 编码的浏览器。设置一个输出管理会自动打开
mMx ;yZ ; 输出缓冲
N]EcEM # ;
^efb
5 ;
:AdDLpk3j output_handler =
[H\:pP8t 7\zZpPDV ; Transparent output compression using the zlib library
rB~W Iu ; Valid values for this option are 'off', 'on', or a specific buffer size
YYEJph@06q ; to be used for compression (default is 4KB)
o;a:Dd ;
N /$`:8" ;
{gA\ph%s ; 使用 zlib 库进行输出压缩,可以指定 off/on 或者用于压缩的缓冲大小
V-I(WzR9y ;
@$"J|s3M ;
{CG_P,FO zlib.output_compression = Off
XY.5Rno4 4(neKr5\# ; Implicit flush tells PHP to tell the output layer to flush itself
4to% `)] ; automatically after every output block. This is equivalent to calling the
B_U{ s\VY ; PHP function flush() after each and every call to print() or echo() and each
<}U'V}g ; and every HTML block. Turning this option on has serious performance
E9|eu\ ; implications and is generally recommended for debugging purposes only.
l\AMl
\ ;
l.\re"Q ;
U-k+9f 0 ; 隐含的通知PHP的输出层在每个输出块后自己自动刷新。等同于在每个 print() 或者 echo()
.x`M<L#M( ; 和每个HTML块后面都调用 flush()函数。打开这个配置会引起严重的隐含执行,一般推荐在用于
"\Egs)\ ; 调试目的时使用。
;=j@,
yu ;
V@7KsB ;
x^|V af implicit_flush = Off
KIA 2"KbjG Nw& !}#m ; Whether to enable the ability to force arguments to be passed by reference
&
gJV{V5Ay ; at function call time. This method is deprecated and is likely to be
qm Tb-~ ; unsupported in future versions of PHP/Zend. The encouraged method of
i&njqK!wS ; specifying which arguments should be passed by reference is in the function
L%v^s4@ ; declaration. You're encouraged to try and turn this option Off and make
BR^7_q4q ; sure your scripts work properly with it in order to ensure they will work
ANIz,LS ; with future versions of the language (you will receive a warning each time
B/5=]R ; you use this feature, and the argument will be passed by value instead of by
lZ8CY ; reference).
svelYe#9z ;
=.]l*6WV ;
]sz3]"2 ; 是否允许在函数调用期间有强制参数以引用的形式传递的能力。这个方法不赞成使用,在将来的
< v]3g ; PHP和Zend版本里面可能不支持。鼓励的方法是在函数声明时指定哪个参数通过引用传递。鼓励你
^l^fD t ; 尝试关闭这个参数,确认你的脚本能够正常运行,以便在以后版能里面正确运行(你会在每次使用
%8*64T") ; 这个特性时得到一个警告,并且参数以值来传递,代替引用)
Z3k(P ;
"G-1>:
;
fP3_d allow_call_time_pass_reference = Off
(>mI'!4d {X2`&<i6 y@j,a ;
"fg](Cp[z ; Safe Mode
M
:3u@06a ;
-~eJn'W ;
f:g,_|JD$ ; 安全模式
)$w*V9d ;
]M)O YY ;
wU#F_De)R: ;
=fm]D l9h* safe_mode = Off
8Qh#)hiW! P5lqSA{6 ; By default, Safe Mode does a UID compare check when
v7%X@j]ji ; opening files. If you want to relax this to a GID compare,
_#$*y ; then turn on safe_mode_gid.
yNm:[bOER ;
'Dvv?>=& ;
k3+e;[My+ ; 安全模式默认的在打开文件时进行 UID 比较检查,如果你想放宽他为GID比较,打开这个参数
aNyvNEV3C ;
h'
!imQ ;
]$U xCu safe_mode_gid = Off
t_ksvWUo R*|LI ; When safe_mode is on, UID/GID checks are bypassed when
>5R<;#8 ; including files from this directory and its subdirectories.
[^8n0{JiN ; (directory must also be in include_path or full path must
BmHwu{n' ; be used when including)
r>jC_7 ;
F}"] 92 ;
fN"(mW>! ; 在安全模式,当包含如下目录和子目录文件时,绕过 UID/GID检查(路径必须在 include_path下面
Qb8KPpd ; 或者在包含时使用完整路径
SuZ&vqS ;
~&\ f|% ;
7PR#(ftz safe_mode_include_dir =
8Ld:"Y# 3] 1-M ; When safe_mode is on, only executables located in the safe_mode_exec_dir
%{6LUn ; will be allowed to be executed via the exec family of functions.
mDh1>>K'~ ;
'qdPw%d ;
C"lJl k9g^ ; 在安全模式下,只有给出目录下可以通过 exec 族函数执行
9Lh|DK,nV/ ;
~}K5#< ;
TO2c"7td safe_mode_exec_dir =
8 6f2'o+ U/lM\3v/e ; open_basedir, if set, limits all file operations to the defined directory
~[k%oA%W ; and below. This directive makes most sense if used in a per-directory
~Oe Ppa\ ; or per-virtualhost web server configuration file.
N_L,]QT? ;
y2O4I'/5< ;
rbT)=-( ; 如果设置,则限制所有的文件操作都到下面给出的目录下。这个指示在每个目录,每个虚拟主机的web
<8UYhGK ; 服务器配置文件里给出更多的认识。
jlFk@:y4 ;
&[2U$ `P`V ;
: S$l"wrh\ ;open_basedir =
MxzLK%am ^IKO2Ft ; Setting certain environment variables may be a potential security breach.
~j#~\Ir ; This directive contains a comma-delimited list of prefixes. In Safe Mode,
-T6(hT\ ; the user may only alter environment variables whose names begin with the
$8l({:*q0 ; prefixes supplied here. By default, users will only be able to set
`>DP,D)w( ; environment variables that begin with PHP_ (e.g. PHP_FOO=BAR).
R(j1n,c]
;
"m{,~'x ; Note: If this directive is empty, PHP will let the user modify ANY
P,ua<B}L ; environment variable!
X0{/ydGF8 ;
/ug8]Lo0 ;
EkT."K ; 设置某些环境变量可能是隐藏的安全缺口。这个指示包含一个逗号分割的前缀指示。在安全模式下
xoB},Xl$D ; 用户只能修改下面提供的为前缀的变量名字。默认,用户只能设置以 PHP_ 前缀开头的环境变量(
7?OH,^ ; 例如 PHP_FOO=BAR).
Ld^GV ;
QZ
`tNq :/ ; 注意:如果这个设置为空,则 PHP 可以让用户修改任何环境变量。
.kTG[)F0b ;
[<`SfE ;
0iCPi)B safe_mode_allowed_env_vars = PHP_
(h']a! )pw&c_x ; This directive contains a comma-delimited list of environment variables that
61U<5:#l ; the end user won't be able to change using putenv(). These variables will be
J==SZ v ; protected even if safe_mode_allowed_env_vars is set to allow to change them.
,n!vsIN ;
5q@LxDy,b ;
zU6a'tP ; 这个指示包含用逗号分割的不允许最终用户通过 putenv()修改的环境变量的列表。这些变量即使
M>jtFP<S ; 在 safe_mode_allowed_env_vars 设置允许改变他们的情况下也被保护。
yV)m"j ;
$-+/$! ;
H7i$xWs safe_mode_protected_env_vars = LD_LIBRARY_PATH
x*oWa, d@mo!zu ; This directive allows you to disable certain functions for security reasons.
.@iFa3 ; It receives a comma-delimited list of function names. This directive is
&Bx
J ; *NOT* affected by whether Safe Mode is turned On or Off.
qDWsvx] ;
1Xy]D ;
w",?
Bef
; 这个指示用于在由于安全原因的情况下屏蔽某些函数。接受用逗号分割的函数名列表,这个指示不受
:5GZ \Z8F ; Safe Mode 是否打开的影响。
4Z[V uQng ;
t+CWeCp, ;
-#-p1^v} disable_functions =
dQy>Nmfy (Lh#`L?x ; Colors for Syntax Highlighting mode. Anything that's acceptable in
^s\3/z>b4! ; would work.
ctQbp~- ;
]j>i.5 ;
ryO$6L ; 语法加亮模式的颜色,任何 正常工作的都可以接受
fpM#XFj ;
~Lfcg* ;
}aB#z<B6 highlight.string = #CC0000
0ZAj=u@O highlight.comment = #FF9900
cIXwiC8t highlight.keyword = #006600
'NZGQebK highlight.bg = #FFFFFF
\(I6_a_{ highlight.default = #0000CC
Fb2%!0i highlight.html = #000000
b7C
e%Br {TXOQ>gY T0j2a&Pv ;
(yQ
5` ; Misc
4{9d#[KW ;
b syq* ; Decides whether PHP may expose the fact that it is installed on the server
b
hjZ7= ; (e.g. by adding its signature to the Web server header). It is no security
5IVksg ; threat in any way, but it makes it possible to determine whether you use PHP
HU
B|bKy ; on your server or not.
4C~UcGMv\ ;
x:K?\< ;
eR']#Q46{T ; 是否让服务器暴露 PHP(例如在 web 服务器头增加标记)。他不会有安全威胁,但是可以让你
]/]ju$l9Z ; 检测一个服务器是否使用了 PHP.
5/ecaAB2 ;
?4PQQd ;
jigs6# expose_php = On
OKuD" Ru%|}sfd 2x$x;
\*j ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
WbjF]b\ ; Resource Limits ;
ty1fcdFZM ;
y93k_iq$S ;
"#^MUQ!a ; 资源限制
XOrfs sj ;
p(3sgY1 ;
vg%QXaM #Olg(:\ ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
`LP!D =7[)' ;
g%J./F=@3 ;
irxz l3 ; 每个脚本最大执行的秒数
ryD%i"g< ;
" mj^+u- ;
oC dGQ7G} max_execution_time = 30 ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
i3V/`)iz +Takde%~ ;
"h$R ]~eG ;
w[fDk1H) ; 一个脚本最大消耗的内存
W04av_u 5 ;
4^Qi2[ w ;
744=3v memory_limit = 8M ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (8MB)
2RNrIU I2 XSD%t8<LO swr"k6;G ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
?9?4p@ ; Error handling and logging ;
L=A\ J^% ;
)5l u.R% ;
O8 RzUg& ; 错误处理和记录
Dt}dp_ ;
=:K@zlO: ;
g{ (@uzqG ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
Xz1c6mX|o jPwef##~7 ; error_reporting is a bit-field. Or each number up to get desired error
v&0d$@6/U ; reporting level
WM< \e ;
JLUms ;
K+ehr ; 错误报告是一个位字段,每个数值代表错误报告的等级
zeOb Aw1O ;
_Xh=&(/8@ ;
9+VF<;Xw ; E_ALL - All errors and warnings
&c^7O#j ;
}"v"^5 ; 所有的错误和警告
C0wq ;
vbU{Et\^ ; E_ERROR - fatal run-time errors
O!jCQ{ T ;
1+Oo Qs ; 致命的运行期错误
t/w>t! q ;
.u&g2Y ; E_WARNING - run-time warnings (non-fatal errors)
Rz<fz"/2<